Some examples include the entire songs “Ask Me Why,” “Do You Want to Know a Secret?,” “Wait,” and “In My Life.” Womack (2007) provided an interesting account of the discrepancy in Lennon and McCartney’s recollection of the authorship of “In My Life” in particular: Lennon wrote the lyrics, McCartney asserted that he wrote all of the music, and Lennon claimed that McCartney’s only contribution was helping with the middle eight melody. According to this listing, several songs are of disputed musical authorship. Compton (1988) provided a fairly complete accounting of the actual authorships of Lennon-McCartney songs to the extent they are known through interviews with each of Lennon and McCartney. Most often, individual songs were acknowledged to be written entirely by either McCartney or Lennon, though in some cases one would write most of a song and the other would contribute small portions or sections of the song. The two agreed prior to the Beatles’ formation that all songs written by the two of them, either together or individually, would be credited to the partnership “Lennon-McCartney.” After the Beatles broke up in 1970 and the Lennon-McCartney partnership dissolved, Lennon and McCartney attempted to clarify their contributions to their jointly credited songs. The songwriting duo of John Lennon and Paul McCartney took the writing credits for most recorded Beatles songs. Some recent examples of scientific study of Beatles music include Cathé (2016), who applied harmonic vectors theory to Beatles songs Wagner (2003), who analyzed the presence of blues motifs in Beatles music and Brown (2004), who used Fourier analysis to determine the true arrangement and instrumentation of the opening chord of “A Hard Day’s Night.” Heuger (2018) has been maintaining a bibliography that contains over 500 entries devoted to academic research on the Beatles. The group has been the focus of academic research to an extent that rivals most classical composers. ![]() Beyond the initial mania that accompanied their introduction to the United Kingdom and Europe in 1962-63, and subsequently to the United States in early 1964, the Beatles’ musical and cultural impact still has lasting influence. The Beatles are arguably one of the most influential music groups of all time, having sold over 600 million albums worldwide. Keywords: authorship, elastic net, logistic regression, music, regularization, stylometry, variable screening We applied our model to the prediction of songs and song portions with unknown or disputed authorship. Out-of-sample classification accuracy for songs with known authorship was 76%, with a c-statistic from an ROC analysis of 83.7%. We developed a prediction model based on variable screening followed by logistic regression with elastic net regularization. ![]() These features consist of the occurrence of melodic notes, chords, melodic note pairs, chord change pairs, and four-note melody contours. For Lennon-McCartney songs of known and unknown authorship written and recorded over the period 1962-66, we extracted musical features from each song or song portion. Furthermore, the authorship of some Lennon-McCartney songs is in dispute, with the recollections of authorship based on previous interviews with Lennon and McCartney in conflict. Despite having authored songs under the joint credit agreement of Lennon-McCartney, it is well-documented that most of their songs or portions of songs were primarily written by exactly one of the two. The songwriting duo of John Lennon and Paul McCartney, the two founding members of the Beatles, composed some of the most popular and memorable songs of the last century.
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